@article {1433677,
	title = {The Relationship of Educational Attainment with Pulmonary Emphysema and Airway Wall Thickness},
	journal = {Ann Am Thorac Soc},
	volume = {12},
	number = {6},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015 Jun},
	pages = {813-20},
	abstract = {RATIONALE: Low educational attainment is a risk factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is limited knowledge on the relationship between educational level and computed tomography measures of emphysema and airway wall thickness (AWT).

OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that low educational attainment is associated with increased emphysema and AWT in ever-smokers with and without COPD.

METHODS: We included 462 and 485 ever-smokers with and without COPD in a cross-sectional study, aged 40-86 years. The sample was divided into groups reflecting educational attainment: primary, secondary, and university. We performed linear regression to examine associations between educational attainment and both emphysema and AWT separately for those with and without COPD. We adjusted for sex, age, smoking status, age of onset of smoking, pack-years, height, and body mass index.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Compared with university education, in subjects with COPD, primary education was associated with a 68.1\% (95\% confidence interval = 14.2-147.6\%; P = 0.01) relative increase in emphysema and secondary education was associated with a 50.6\% (95\% confidence interval = 5.7-114.6\%; P = 0.02) relative increase. There was a nonsignificant trend toward an association between lower educational attainment and increased emphysema among those without COPD (P = 0.18), yet greater age appeared to modify this association (P = 0.01). We did not detect significant linear relationships between educational attainment and AWT in subjects with or without COPD.

CONCLUSIONS: Lower educational attainment was associated with increased emphysema among adults with COPD. Among those without COPD, this association was more pronounced with increasing age. No significant linear relationship between educational attainment and AWT was found. Clinicians treating adults with emphysema should keep in mind that factors related to low education beyond that of smoking and occupational dust exposure might be of importance to the disease.},
	keywords = {Adult, Age of Onset, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Educational Status, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Lung, Male, Middle Aged, Norway, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive, Pulmonary Emphysema, Risk Factors, Smoking, Spirometry, Statistics as Topic, Tomography, X-Ray Computed},
	issn = {2325-6621},
	doi = {10.1513/AnnalsATS.201410-485OC},
	author = {Gjerdevik, Miriam and Grydeland, Thomas B and Washko, George R and Coxson, Harvey O and Silverman, Edwin K and Gulsvik, Amund and Bakke, Per S}
}