@article {1433577,
	title = {Respiratory Symptoms in Young Adults and Future Lung Disease. The CARDIA Lung Study},
	journal = {Am J Respir Crit Care Med},
	volume = {197},
	number = {12},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018 Jun 15},
	pages = {1616-1624},
	abstract = {RATIONALE: There are limited data on factors in young adulthood that predict future lung disease.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between respiratory symptoms, loss of lung health, and incident respiratory disease in a population-based study of young adults.

METHODS: We examined prospective data from 2,749 participants in the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study who completed respiratory symptom questionnaires at baseline and 2 years later and repeated spirometry measurements over 30 years.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Cough or phlegm, episodes of bronchitis, wheeze, shortness of breath, and chest illnesses at both baseline and Year 2 were the main predictor variables in models assessing decline in FEV and FVC from Year 5 to Year 30, incident obstructive and restrictive lung physiology, and visual emphysema on thoracic computed tomography scan. After adjustment for covariates, including body mass index, asthma, and smoking, report of any symptom was associated with -2.71 ml/yr excess decline in FEV (P ,
	issn = {1535-4970},
	doi = {10.1164/rccm.201710-2108OC},
	author = {Kalhan, Ravi and Dransfield, Mark T and Colangelo, Laura A and Cuttica, Michael J and Jacobs, David R and Thyagarajan, Bharat and Estepar, Raul San Jose and Harmouche, Rola and Onieva Onieva, Jorge and Ash, Samuel Y and Okajima, Yuka and Iribarren, Carlos and Sidney, Stephen and Lewis, Cora E and Mannino, David M and Liu, Kiang and Smith, Lewis J and Washko, George R}
}