@article {472931,
	title = {Regional Emphysema of a Non-Small Cell Tumor Is Associated with Larger Tumors and Decreased Survival},
	journal = {Annals ATSAnnals ATS},
	year = {2015},
	month = {Jul 03},
	publisher = {American Thoracic Society - AJRCCM},
	abstract = {RATIONALE:COPD is associated with a worse overall survival in NSCLC. Lung emphysema is one component of COPD. We hypothesized that emphysema of the tumor region may result in larger tumors and a poorer overall survival.METHODS:We evaluated 304 cases of NSCLC from a prospectively enrolled cohort. The lung was divided into equal volumetric thirds (upper, middle, or lower region). Emphysema was defined as percentage of low attenuation areas less than -950 Hounsfield units (\%LAA-950) and measured for each region. Whole-lung \%LAA-950 was defined as the emphysema score of the entire lung parenchyma while regional \%LAA-950 was the score within that particular region (upper, middle, or lower). The emphysema score of the region in which the tumor occurred was defined as the tumor \%LAA-950. Tumor diameter was measured while blinded to characteristics of the lung parenchyma. A proportional hazards model was used to control for multiple factors associated with survival.RESULTS:Increasing tumor \%LAA-950 was associated with larger tumors (P=0.024). Survival, stratified by stage, was significantly worse in those with tumor \%LAA-950 greater than or equal to the 50th percentile vs. less than the 50th percentile (P=0.046). Whole-lung \%LAA-950 and regional \%LAA-950 (e.g. regional emphysema without tumor occurring in the region) were not significantly associated with survival. There were no differences in presenting symptoms or locations of mediastinal or distant metastasis by emphysema score. Increasing tumor \%LAA-950 was associated with an increased risk of death (HRadj 1.36 [1.09, 1.68], P=0.006) after adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, histology, stage, performance status, chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Sensitivity analyses revealed no significant difference in the effect size or test of significance for each of the following conditions: 1) exclusion of cases with central tumor location, 2) exclusion of cases where surgery was performed, 3) exclusion of cases where radiation therapy was performed, 4) exclusion of cases where epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors were administered, and 5) inclusion of only stage IV disease.CONCLUSIONS:Increasing emphysema of the region in which a NSCLC tumor occurs is associated with increasing tumor size and worse overall survival.},
	author = {Kinsey, C Matthew and San Jose Est{\'e}par, Ra{\'u}l and Wei, Yongyue and Washko, George R and Christiani, David C}
}