@article {1433751,
	title = {Epidemiology, radiology, and genetics of nicotine dependence in COPD},
	journal = {Respir Res},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011 Jan 13},
	pages = {9},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is the principal environmental risk factor for developing COPD, and nicotine dependence strongly influences smoking behavior. This study was performed to elucidate the relationship between nicotine dependence, genetic susceptibility to nicotine dependence, and volumetric CT findings in smokers.

METHODS: Current smokers with COPD (GOLD stage >= 2) or normal spirometry were analyzed from the COPDGene Study, a prospective observational study. Nicotine dependence was determined by the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND). Volumetric CT acquisitions measuring the percent of emphysema on inspiratory CT (\% of lung ,
	keywords = {Aged, Analysis of Variance, Case-Control Studies, Chi-Square Distribution, Female, Forced Expiratory Volume, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Linear Models, Male, Middle Aged, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Phenotype, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Prospective Studies, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive, Pulmonary Emphysema, Receptors, Nicotinic, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Smoking, Spirometry, Tobacco Use Disorder, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, United States},
	issn = {1465-993X},
	doi = {10.1186/1465-9921-12-9},
	author = {Kim, Deog Kyeom and Hersh, Craig P and Washko, George R and Hokanson, John E and Lynch, David A and Newell, John D and Murphy, James R and Crapo, James D and Silverman, Edwin K}
}