@article {1433763,
	title = {Cluster analysis in severe emphysema subjects using phenotype and genotype data: an exploratory investigation},
	journal = {Respir Res},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010 Mar 16},
	pages = {30},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have demonstrated associations between genetic markers and COPD, but results have been inconsistent. One reason may be heterogeneity in disease definition. Unsupervised learning approaches may assist in understanding disease heterogeneity.

METHODS: We selected 31 phenotypic variables and 12 SNPs from five candidate genes in 308 subjects in the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) Genetics Ancillary Study cohort. We used factor analysis to select a subset of phenotypic variables, and then used cluster analysis to identify subtypes of severe emphysema. We examined the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of each cluster.

RESULTS: We identified six factors accounting for 75\% of the shared variability among our initial phenotypic variables. We selected four phenotypic variables from these factors for cluster analysis: 1) post-bronchodilator FEV1 percent predicted, 2) percent bronchodilator responsiveness, and quantitative CT measurements of 3) apical emphysema and 4) airway wall thickness. K-means cluster analysis revealed four clusters, though separation between clusters was modest: 1) emphysema predominant, 2) bronchodilator responsive, with higher FEV1; 3) discordant, with a lower FEV1 despite less severe emphysema and lower airway wall thickness, and 4) airway predominant. Of the genotypes examined, membership in cluster 1 (emphysema-predominant) was associated with TGFB1 SNP rs1800470.

CONCLUSIONS: Cluster analysis may identify meaningful disease subtypes and/or groups of related phenotypic variables even in a highly selected group of severe emphysema subjects, and may be useful for genetic association studies.},
	keywords = {Aged, Cluster Analysis, Emphysema, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genotype, Humans, Male, Mutation, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Prevalence, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, United States},
	issn = {1465-993X},
	doi = {10.1186/1465-9921-11-30},
	author = {Cho, Michael H and Washko, George R and Hoffmann, Thomas J and Criner, Gerard J and Hoffman, Eric A and Martinez, Fernando J and Laird, Nan and Reilly, John J and Silverman, Edwin K}
}