@article {1675411,
	title = {A Risk Prediction Model for Mortality Among Smokers in the COPDGene{\textregistered} Study},
	journal = {Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {2020},
	month = {2020 Oct},
	pages = {346-361},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Risk factor identification is a proven strategy in advancing treatments and preventive therapy for many chronic conditions. Quantifying the impact of those risk factors on health outcomes can consolidate and focus efforts on individuals with specific high-risk profiles. Using multiple risk factors and longitudinal outcomes in 2 independent cohorts, we developed and validated a risk score model to predict mortality in current and former cigarette smokers.

METHODS: We obtained extensive data on current and former smokers from the COPD Genetic Epidemiology (COPDGene{\textregistered}) study at enrollment. Based on physician input and model goodness-of-fit measures, a subset of variables was selected to fit final Weibull survival models separately for men and women. Coefficients and predictors were translated into a point system, allowing for easy computation of mortality risk scores and probabilities. We then used the SubPopulations and InteRmediate Outcome Measures In COPD Study (SPIROMICS) cohort for external validation of our model.

RESULTS: Of 9867 COPDGene participants with standard baseline data, 17.6\% died over 10 years of follow-up, and 9074 of these participants had the full set of baseline predictors (standard plus 6-minute walk distance and computed tomography variables) available for full model fits. The average age of participants in the cohort was 60 for both men and women, and the average predicted 10-year mortality risk was 18\% for women and 25\% for men. Model time-integrated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve statistics demonstrated good predictive model accuracy (0.797 average), validated in the external cohort (0.756 average). Risk of mortality was impacted most by 6-minute walk distance, forced expiratory volume in 1 second and age, for both men and women.

CONCLUSIONS: Current and former smokers exhibited a wide range of mortality risk over a 10- year period. Our models can identify higher risk individuals who can be targeted for interventions to reduce risk of mortality, for participants with or without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using current Global initiative for obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria.},
	issn = {2372-952X},
	doi = {10.15326/jcopdf.7.4.2020.0146},
	author = {Strand, Matthew and Austin, Erin and Moll, Matthew and Pratte, Katherine A and Regan, Elizabeth A and Hayden, Lystra P and Bhatt, Surya P and Boriek, Aladin M and Casaburi, Richard and Silverman, Edwin K and Fortis, Spyridon and Ruczinski, Ingo and Koegler, Harald and Rossiter, Harry B and Occhipinti, Mariaelena and Hanania, Nicola A and Gebrekristos, Hirut T and Lynch, David A and Kunisaki, Ken M and Young, Kendra A and Sieren, Jessica C and Ragland, Margaret and Hokanson, John E and Lutz, Sharon M and Make, Barry J and Kinney, Gregory L and Cho, Michael H and Pistolesi, Massimo and DeMeo, Dawn L and Sciurba, Frank C and Comellas, Alejandro P and Diaz, Alejandro A and Barjaktarevic, Igor and Bowler, Russell P and Kanner, Richard E and Peters, Stephen P and Ortega, Victor E and Dransfield, Mark T and Crapo, James D}
}